Google is a corporation that compiles information and makes it searchable via the Internet. Google's stated mission is "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful," but this mission, and the means used to accomplish it, is raising concerns among the company's critics. The policies and practices for which Google has been criticized include the use of others' intellectual property, This raises concerns that its compilation of data may violate people's privacy, censorship of search results, and the energy consumption of its servers. Much of the criticism of Google comes from issues that have not yet been addressed by cyber law.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Google
GIF FILE
The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is a bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability.
The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel allowing a single image to reference a palette of up to 256 distinct colors. The colors are chosen from the 24-bit RGB color space. It also supports animations and allows a separate palette of 256 colors for each frame. The color limitation makes the GIF format unsuitable for reproducing color photographs and other images with continuous color, but it is well-suited for simpler images such as graphics or logos with solid areas of color.
GIF images are compressed using the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. This compression technique was patented in 1985. Controversy over the licensing agreement between the patent holder, Unisys, and CompuServe in 1994 promted the development of the Portable Network Graphics (PNG) standard; since then all the relevant patents have expired.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format
Gaussian Blur
A Gaussian blur (also known as Gaussian smoothing) is the result of blurring an image by a Gaussian function. this effect is widely used in graphics software, typically to reduce image noise and reduce detail. The visual effect of this blurring technique is a smooth blur resembling that of viewing the image through a translucent screen, very different from the bokeh effect produced by an out-of-focus lens or the shadow of an object under usual illumination. Gaussian smoothing is also used as a pre-processing stage in computer vision algorithms in order to enhance image structures at different scales..
Mathematically, applying a Gaussian blur to an image is the same as convolving the image with a Gaussian function; this is also known as a two-dimensional Weierstrass transform. By contrast, convolving by a circle circular box blur would more accurately reproduce the bokeh effect. Since the Fourier transform of a Gaussian is another Gaussian, applying a Gaussian blur has the effect of reducing the image's high-frequency components; a Gaussian blur is thus a low pass filter.
.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_interpolation
Greyscale
In photography and computing, a grayscale or greyscale digital image is an image in which the value of each pixel is a single sample, that is, it carries only intensity information. Images of this sort, also known as black-and-white, are composed exclusively of shades of gray, varying from black at the weakest intensity to white at the strongest. Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit black-and-white images, which in the context of computer imaging are images with only the two colors, black, and white (also known as bilevel or binary images). Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between. Grayscale images are also called monochromatic, denoting the absence of any chromatic variation.
Grayscale images are often the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel in a single band of the electromagnetic spectrum such as. infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and in this cases they are monochromatic proper when only a given frequency is captured. But they can also be synthesized from a full color image; wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale
Gigabyte
The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units (SI), therefore 1 gigabyte is 1000000000bytes. The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB or Gbyte, which is typically used for the gigabit.
Historically, the term has also been used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote the gibibyte, or 1073741824 (10243 or 230) bytes. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers defined the unit accordingly for the use in power switchgear In 2000, however, they adopted the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommendation, which uses the metric prefix interpretation.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte
HTML, stands for HyperText Markup Language,and is the predominant markup language for web pages. HTML is the basic building-blocks of webpages.
HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within the web page content. HTML tags normally come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).
The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visual or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page
wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
Hyperlink
In computing, a hyperlink is a reference to a document that the reader can directly follow, or that is followed automatically. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. A software system for viewing and creating hypertext is a hypertext system, and to create a hyperlink is to hyperlink or link. A user following hyperlinks is said to navigate or browse the hypertext.
A hyperlink has an anchor, which is the location within a document from which the hyperlink can be followed; the document containing a hyperlink is known as its source document. The target of a hyperlink is the document, or location within a document, to which the hyperlink leads. Users can activate and follow the link when its anchor is shown, usually by touching or clicking on the anchor with a pointing device. Following the link has the effect of displaying its target, often with its context.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink
Helper Applications
A helper application is an external viewer program launched to display content retrieved using a web browser. Some common examples include Windows Media Player and QuickTime Player for playing streaming content.
Unlike a plugin ( full code is included into browser code), a small line is added to the browser code to tell it to open a certain helper application in case it encounters a certain file format.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_application
Halo Effect
A leading journalist was invited by California Management Review to write an article based on his book and aimed at practioners as well as academics, . The result is here, perhaps the best short synthesis of the key ideas from The Halo Effect. This link will allow you to read an abstract or buy a reprint in pdf format.
the-halo-effect.com/book/index.html
H.264 Video
H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC (Advanced Video Coding) is standard for video compression, and is currently one of the most commonly used formats for the recording, compression, and distribution of high definition video. The final drafting work on the first version of the standard was completed in May 2003.
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is a block-oriented motion-compensation-based codec standard developed by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) together with the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). It was the product of a partnership effort known as the Joint Video Team (JVT). The ITU-T H.264 standard and the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 AVC standard (formally, ISO/IEC 14496-10 - MPEG-4 Part 10, Advanced Video Coding) are jointly maintained so they have identical technical content
wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC
Hard Drive
A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile, random access device for digital data. It features rotating rigid platters on a motor-driven spindle within a protective enclosure. Data is magnetically read from and written to the platter by read/write heads that float on a film of air above the platters.
Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have fallen in cost and physical size over the years while dramatically increasing in capacity. Hard disk drives have been the dominant device for secondary storage of data in general purpose computers since the early 1960s They have maintained this position because advances in their areal recording density have kept pace with the requirements for secondary storageToday's HDDs operate on high-speed serial interfaces;
wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive
Hue
Hue is one of the main properties of a color, defined technically as "the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, and yellow," (the unique hues). The other main correlatives of color appearance are colorfulness, chroma, saturation, lightness, and brightness.
Usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness and/or chroma, such as with "light blue", "pastel blue", "vivid blue". Exceptions include brown, which is a dark orange, and pink, a light red with reduced chroma.
In painting color theory, a hue refers to a pure color—one without tint or shade (added white or black pigment, respectively). A hue is an element of the color wheel. Hues are first processed in the brain in areas in the extended V4 called globs
wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue
Hostname
A hostname is a label that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network and that is used to identify the device in various forms of electronic communication such as the World Wide Web, e-mail or Usenet. Hostnames may be simple names consisting of a single word or phrase, or they may have appended the name of a Domain Name System (DNS) domain, separated from the host specific label by a full stop (dot). In the latter form, a hostname is also called a domain name. If the domain name is completely specified including a top-level domain of the Internet, the hostname is said to be a fully qualified domain name. Hostnames that include DNS domains are often stored in the Domain Name System together with IP addresses of the host they represent for the purpose of mapping the hostname to an address, or the reverse process.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname
Image Capture
Image Capture is an application program that enables users to upload pictures from a digital camera or scanners which are either connected directly to the computer or the network. It provides no organizational tools like iPhoto but is useful for collating pictures from a variety of sources with no need for drivers. It achieves this by "receiving the picture" as it is and through a conversion process, downloading it onto your computer. It uses QuickTime Image Capture This way it doesn't need to understand anything about the actual camera to enable to do that. It was first introduced in Mac OS X version 10.0 (Cheetah)
Image Capture is scriptable with AppleScript, and may be manipulated with Mac OS X v10.4 (Tiger)'s "Automator" application. As of Mac OS X 10.4, Image Capture's AppleScript dictionary does not open in Script Editor. As of Mac OS X 10.6 only the Image Capture Web Server opens in Script Editor.
ITunes
iTunes is a proprietary digital media player application, used for playing and organizing digital music and video files. The application is also an interface to manage the contents on Apple's iPod and iPhone lines, as well as the iPad.
iTunes can connect to the iTunes Store to purchase and download music, music videos, television shows, iPod Games, Audiobooks, Podcasts, movies and movie rentals and Ringtones (only available on iPhone and iPod Touch 4th Generation). It is also used to download Apps from the App Store for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad.
wikipedia.org/wiki/ITune
Index Page
index.html is the traditional filename for such a page, but most modern HTTP servers offer a configurable list of filenames that the server can use as an index. If a server is configured to support server-side scripting, the list will usually include entries allowing dynamic content to be used as the index page (e.g. index.php, index.shtml, default.asp) even though it may be more appropriate to still specify the html output as this should not be taken for granted. An example is the popular open source web server Apache, where the list of filenames is controlled by the DirectoryIndex directive in the main server configuration file or in the configuration file for that directory. It is possible to make do without file extensions at all, and be neutral to content delivery methods, and set the server to automatically pick the best file through content negotiation.
If the server is unable to find a file with any of the names listed in its configuration, it may either return an error (generally 404 Not Found) or generate its own index page listing the files in the directory. It may also return a 403 Index Listing Forbidden. Usually this option is also configurable.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Webserver_directory_index
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of 64 kilobit/s. A major market application for ISDN in some countries is Internet access, where ISDN typically provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s in both upstream and downstream directions. Channel bonding can achieve a greater data rate; typically the ISDN B-channels of 3 or 4 BRIs (6 to 8 64 kbit/s channels) are bonded.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_services_digital_network
ISP
Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the Internet, hosts data, or does both. Access ISPs connect customers to the Internet using copper, wireless or fiber connections Hosting ISPs lease server space for smaller businesses and host other people servers Transit ISPs provide large tubes for connecting hosting ISPs to access ISPs.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Service_Provider
IP Address
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is usually a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995, standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998,and is being deployed worldwide since the mid-2000s.
wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-Address
Javascript
JavaScript, also known as ECMAScript is a prototype-based object-oriented scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is also considered a functional programming language like Scheme and OCaml because it has closures and supports higher-order functions. JavaScript is an implementation of the ECMAScript language standard and is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as part of a web browser in order to provide enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites. This allows programmatic access to computational objects within a host environment.
JavaScript's use in applications outside web pages—for example in PDF-documents, site-specific browsers and desktop widgets—is also significant. Newer and faster Javascript VMs and frameworks built upon them (particularly Node.js) have also increased the popularity of Javascript for server-side web apps.
JavaScript uses syntax influenced by that of C. JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the Self and Scheme programming languages
wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript
JPEG File
In computing, JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital photography (image). The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality.
JPEG compression is used in a number of image file formats. JPEG/Exif is the most common image format used by digital cameras and other photographic image capture devices; along with JPEG/JFIF, it is the most common format for storing and transmitting photographic images on the World Wide Web These format variations are often not distinguished, and are simply called JPEG.
wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG
Kilobyte
The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix kilo means 1000 in the International System of Units (SI), therefore 1 kilobyte is 1000bytes. The recommended unit symbol for the kilobyte is kB or kbyte.
Multiples of bytes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SI decimal prefixes | Binary usage | IEC binary prefixes | ||
| Name (Symbol) | Value | Name (Symbol) | Value | |
| kilobyte (kB) | 103 | 210 | kibibyte (KiB) | 210 |
| megabyte (MB) | 106 | 220 | mebibyte (MiB) | 220 |
| gigabyte (GB) | 109 | 230 | gibibyte (GiB) | 230 |
| terabyte (TB) | 1012 | 240 | tebibyte (TiB) | 240 |
| petabyte (PB) | 1015 | 250 | pebibyte (PiB) | 250 |
| exabyte (EB) | 1018 | 260 | exbibyte (EiB) | 260 |
| zettabyte (ZB) | 1021 | 270 | zebibyte (ZiB) | 270 |
| yottabyte (YB) | 1024 | 280 | yobibyte (YiB) | 280 |
| : | ||||
The kilobyte is often considered to be 1024 (210) bytes in most fields of computer science and information technology. This use has been discouraged by the major standards organizations and a new prefix system was defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission, which defines the kibibyte for this binary multiple and affirms the kilobyte as 1000bytes. However, the new standard has not entered common usage, and has been actively resisted by some in the fields of computer science and information technology because of aesthetic objections to the new prefixes
wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte
Laptop
A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile use. A laptop integrates most of the typical components of a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device and touchpad, with speakers into a single unit. A laptop is powered by mains electricity via an AC adapter, and can be used away from an outlet using a rechargeable battery. A laptop battery in new condition typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for three to five hours, depending on the computer usage, configuration and power management settings. When the laptop is plugged into the mains, the battery charges, whether or not the computer is running.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop
Lab Mode
LAB mode contains a HUGE color gamut, way outside of anything a computer can hold or the human eye can see.
The most common use I've seen for LAB color is to sharpen an image. If you convert your image to LAB, you can then sharpen the luminosity channel only. This gives you sharpness without negatively effecting the image. The user would then convert it back to RGB. It seems to be used mainly as a working color space, not as a final color space. RGB and CMYK are more typically an images final color space.
yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071015185456AAC5Hhz
Lasso Tool
All three lasso tools share the letter L as their keyboard shortcut for selecting them, so depending on how you have things set up in Photoshop's Preferences, you can cycle through the three tools either by pressing the letter L repeatedly or by pressing Shift+L.
Drawing Freehand Selections Of all the selection tools in Photoshop, the Lasso Tool is probably the easiest to use and understand because you simply drag a freehand selection around the object or area you want to select, in a similar way to how you would outline something on a piece of paper with a pen or pencil. With the Lasso Tool selected, your mouse cursor will appear as a small lasso icon, and you simply click at the spot in the document where you want to begin the selection, then continue holding your mouse button down and drag to draw a freeform selection outline
Drawing Freehand Selections Of all the selection tools in Photoshop, the Lasso Tool is probably the easiest to use and understand because you simply drag a freehand selection around the object or area you want to select, in a similar way to how you would outline something on a piece of paper with a pen or pencil. With the Lasso Tool selected, your mouse cursor will appear as a small lasso icon, and you simply click at the spot in the document where you want to begin the selection, then continue holding your mouse button down and drag to draw a freeform selection outline
photoshopessentials.com/basics/selections/lasso-tool
Layer Mask
. A Layer mask is just what it sounds like: a mask that goes on a layer. Think of what happens when a person wears a mask. You can see through the holes but not through the mask itself. It’s a great way to non-destructively hide parts of a layer. You will not lose any data and to go back to the original state you’ll just delete the mask.
Layer Mask
. A Layer mask is just what it sounds like: a mask that goes on a layer. Think of what happens when a person wears a mask. You can see through the holes but not through the mask itself. It’s a great way to non-destructively hide parts of a layer. You will not lose any data and to go back to the original state you’ll just delete the mask.
Shades of Gray in a layer mask change the opacity of the layer.
Commonly, layer masks are used with Text and Gradients so experiment with those
photoshoptips.net/2006/07/25/layer-masks
LCD
LCD
